DHCP issues in v3
Matthew Newton
mcn4 at leicester.ac.uk
Fri Oct 11 01:19:20 CEST 2013
Hi,
Finally got around to trying DHCP this evening. A bit late to hit v3 I'm
afraid, but I've unfortunately been too busy to spend much time looking at
FreeRADIUS recently. I figured I'd get it to act as a simple DHCP server for my
network, and try and put together a simple HOWTO. Or at least, I would have
done if I'd got that far ;-)
This is completely compiled from HEAD (61040c8fbd), using
./configure --enable-developer -C --prefix=/opt/fr3
Debian wheezy system:
Linux elk 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.46-1 x86_64 GNU/Linux
I removed sites-enabled/{default,inner-tunnel}, and symlinked in
sites-available/dhcp, then edited it as follows to start with:
listen {
ipaddr = 81.187.50.101
port = 67
type = dhcp
# interface = br0
broadcast = yes
}
(I set my local network config in the update reply sections, and
set DHCP-Your-IP-Address with unlang in an if block for the MAC
address.)
===============================================================================
....
radiusd: #### Loading Virtual Servers ####
server { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
} # server
server dhcp { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/dhcp
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Discover {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Request {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp (null) {...} for more modules to load
} # server
radiusd: #### Opening IP addresses and Ports ####
listen {
type = "dhcp"
ipaddr = 81.187.50.101
port = 67
WARNING: No "interface" setting is defined. Only unicast DHCP will work.
}
Listening on dhcp address 81.187.50.101 port 67 as server dhcp
Opening new proxy address * port 0
Listening on proxy address * port 54463
Ready to process requests.
===============================================================================
This config, as noted by the warning about unicast only, did not
work - it didn't see the broadcast packets. This is the only
unsurprising result :-)
Next - with as above, and also "interface = br0". This time, no warning about
unicast only, but it still didn't see the broadcast packets. This doesn't
surprise me entirely, as I've specifically set an IP address, but there is no
warning.
===============================================================================
....
radiusd: #### Loading Virtual Servers ####
server { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
} # server
server dhcp { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/dhcp
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Discover {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Request {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp (null) {...} for more modules to load
} # server
radiusd: #### Opening IP addresses and Ports ####
listen {
type = "dhcp"
ipaddr = 81.187.50.101
port = 67
}
Listening on dhcp interface br0 address 81.187.50.101 port 67 as server dhcp
Opening new proxy address * port 0
Listening on proxy address * port 35326
Ready to process requests.
===============================================================================
Next I have "ipaddr = *" and again commented out the interface option (not
expecting it necessarily to work - the warning appears again). This works fine
until FR tries to send a reply, and we get a segfault.
Complete radiusd -X output, in gdb:
===============================================================================
root at elk:/opt/fr3/sbin# gdb --args ./radiusd -X
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.4.1-debian
Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux-gnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /opt/fr3/sbin/radiusd...done.
(gdb) run
Starting program: /opt/fr3/sbin/radiusd -X
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
radiusd: FreeRADIUS Version 3.0.1 (git #61040c8), for host x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, built on Oct 10 2013 at 21:03:18
Copyright (C) 1999-2013 The FreeRADIUS server project and contributors.
There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
You may redistribute copies of FreeRADIUS under the terms of the
GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the file named COPYRIGHT.
Starting - reading configuration files ...
including dictionary file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/dictionary
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/proxy.conf
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/clients.conf
including files in directory /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/unix
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/echo
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/dhcp
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/cache_eap
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/dynamic_clients
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/ntlm_auth
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/soh
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/logintime
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/replicate
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/radutmp
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/pap
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/passwd
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/utf8
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/expiration
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/expr
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/realm
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/eap
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/linelog
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/preprocess
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/digest
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/files
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/exec
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/sradutmp
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail.log
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/chap
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/mschap
including files in directory /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/operator-name
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/canonicalization
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/dhcp
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/cui
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/filter
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/eap
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/control
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/policy.d/accounting
including files in directory /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/
including configuration file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/dhcp
main {
security {
allow_core_dumps = no
}
}
main {
name = "radiusd"
prefix = "/opt/fr3"
localstatedir = "/opt/fr3/var"
sbindir = "/opt/fr3/sbin"
logdir = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius"
run_dir = "/opt/fr3/var/run/radiusd"
libdir = "/opt/fr3/lib"
radacctdir = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct"
hostname_lookups = no
max_request_time = 30
cleanup_delay = 5
max_requests = 1024
pidfile = "/opt/fr3/var/run/radiusd/radiusd.pid"
checkrad = "/opt/fr3/sbin/checkrad"
debug_level = 0
proxy_requests = yes
log {
stripped_names = no
auth = no
auth_badpass = no
auth_goodpass = no
colourise = yes
}
security {
max_attributes = 200
reject_delay = 1
status_server = yes
}
}
radiusd: #### Loading Realms and Home Servers ####
proxy server {
retry_delay = 5
retry_count = 3
default_fallback = no
dead_time = 120
wake_all_if_all_dead = no
}
home_server localhost {
ipaddr = 127.0.0.1
port = 1812
type = "auth"
secret = "testing123"
response_window = 20
max_outstanding = 65536
zombie_period = 40
status_check = "status-server"
ping_interval = 30
check_interval = 30
num_answers_to_alive = 3
revive_interval = 120
status_check_timeout = 4
coa {
irt = 2
mrt = 16
mrc = 5
mrd = 30
}
limit {
max_connections = 16
max_requests = 0
lifetime = 0
idle_timeout = 0
}
}
home_server_pool my_auth_failover {
type = fail-over
home_server = localhost
}
realm example.com {
auth_pool = my_auth_failover
}
realm LOCAL {
}
radiusd: #### Loading Clients ####
client localhost {
ipaddr = 127.0.0.1
require_message_authenticator = no
secret = "testing123"
nas_type = "other"
proto = "*"
limit {
max_connections = 16
lifetime = 0
idle_timeout = 30
}
}
radiusd: #### Instantiating modules ####
instantiate {
}
modules {
# Loaded module rlm_unix
# Instantiating module "unix" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/unix
unix {
radwtmp = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radwtmp"
}
# Loaded module rlm_exec
# Instantiating module "echo" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/echo
exec echo {
wait = yes
program = "/bin/echo %{User-Name}"
input_pairs = "request"
output_pairs = "reply"
shell_escape = yes
}
# Loaded module rlm_dhcp
# Instantiating module "dhcp" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/dhcp
# Loaded module rlm_cache
# Instantiating module "cache_eap" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/cache_eap
cache cache_eap {
key = "%{%{control:State}:-%{%{reply:State}:-%{State}}}"
ttl = 15
max_entries = 16384
epoch = 0
add_stats = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_dynamic_clients
# Instantiating module "dynamic_clients" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/dynamic_clients
# Instantiating module "ntlm_auth" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/ntlm_auth
exec ntlm_auth {
wait = yes
program = "/path/to/ntlm_auth --request-nt-key --domain=MYDOMAIN --username=%{mschap:User-Name} --password=%{User-Password}"
shell_escape = yes
}
# Loaded module rlm_always
# Instantiating module "fail" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always fail {
rcode = "fail"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "reject" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always reject {
rcode = "reject"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "noop" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always noop {
rcode = "noop"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "handled" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always handled {
rcode = "handled"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "updated" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always updated {
rcode = "updated"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "notfound" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always notfound {
rcode = "notfound"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Instantiating module "ok" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/always
always ok {
rcode = "ok"
simulcount = 0
mpp = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_soh
# Instantiating module "soh" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/soh
soh {
dhcp = yes
}
# Loaded module rlm_logintime
# Instantiating module "logintime" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/logintime
logintime {
minimum_timeout = 60
}
# Loaded module rlm_replicate
# Instantiating module "replicate" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/replicate
# Loaded module rlm_radutmp
# Instantiating module "radutmp" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/radutmp
radutmp {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radutmp"
username = "%{User-Name}"
case_sensitive = yes
check_with_nas = yes
permissions = 384
caller_id = yes
}
# Loaded module rlm_attr_filter
# Instantiating module "attr_filter.post-proxy" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
attr_filter attr_filter.post-proxy {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/post-proxy"
key = "%{Realm}"
relaxed = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/post-proxy
# Instantiating module "attr_filter.pre-proxy" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
attr_filter attr_filter.pre-proxy {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/pre-proxy"
key = "%{Realm}"
relaxed = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/pre-proxy
# Instantiating module "attr_filter.access_reject" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
attr_filter attr_filter.access_reject {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/access_reject"
key = "%{User-Name}"
relaxed = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/access_reject
# Instantiating module "attr_filter.access_challenge" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
attr_filter attr_filter.access_challenge {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/access_challenge"
key = "%{User-Name}"
relaxed = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/access_challenge
# Instantiating module "attr_filter.accounting_response" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/attr_filter
attr_filter attr_filter.accounting_response {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/accounting_response"
key = "%{User-Name}"
relaxed = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/attr_filter/accounting_response
# Loaded module rlm_pap
# Instantiating module "pap" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/pap
pap {
auto_header = no
normalise = yes
}
# Loaded module rlm_passwd
# Instantiating module "etc_passwd" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/passwd
passwd etc_passwd {
filename = "/etc/passwd"
format = "*User-Name:Crypt-Password:"
delimiter = ":"
ignore_nislike = no
ignore_empty = yes
allow_multiple_keys = no
hash_size = 100
}
rlm_passwd: nfields: 3 keyfield 0(User-Name) listable: no
# Loaded module rlm_utf8
# Instantiating module "utf8" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/utf8
# Loaded module rlm_expiration
# Instantiating module "expiration" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/expiration
# Loaded module rlm_expr
# Instantiating module "expr" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/expr
expr {
safe_characters = "@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789.-_: /"
}
# Loaded module rlm_realm
# Instantiating module "IPASS" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/realm
realm IPASS {
format = "prefix"
delimiter = "/"
ignore_default = no
ignore_null = no
}
# Instantiating module "suffix" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/realm
realm suffix {
format = "suffix"
delimiter = "@"
ignore_default = no
ignore_null = no
}
# Instantiating module "realmpercent" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/realm
realm realmpercent {
format = "suffix"
delimiter = "%"
ignore_default = no
ignore_null = no
}
# Instantiating module "ntdomain" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/realm
realm ntdomain {
format = "prefix"
delimiter = "\"
ignore_default = no
ignore_null = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_eap
# Instantiating module "eap" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/eap
eap {
default_eap_type = "md5"
timer_expire = 60
ignore_unknown_eap_types = no
mod_accounting_username_bug = no
max_sessions = 4096
}
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_md5
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_leap
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_gtc
gtc {
challenge = "Password: "
auth_type = "PAP"
}
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_tls
tls {
tls = "tls-common"
}
tls-config tls-common {
rsa_key_exchange = no
dh_key_exchange = yes
rsa_key_length = 512
dh_key_length = 512
verify_depth = 0
ca_path = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/certs"
pem_file_type = yes
private_key_file = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/certs/server.pem"
certificate_file = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/certs/server.pem"
ca_file = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/certs/ca.pem"
private_key_password = "whatever"
dh_file = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/certs/dh"
fragment_size = 1024
include_length = yes
check_crl = no
cipher_list = "DEFAULT"
ecdh_curve = "prime256v1"
cache {
enable = yes
lifetime = 24
max_entries = 255
}
verify {
}
ocsp {
enable = no
override_cert_url = yes
url = "http://127.0.0.1/ocsp/"
use_nonce = yes
timeout = 0
softfail = yes
}
}
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_ttls
ttls {
tls = "tls-common"
default_eap_type = "md5"
copy_request_to_tunnel = no
use_tunneled_reply = no
virtual_server = "inner-tunnel"
include_length = yes
require_client_cert = no
}
Using cached TLS configuration from previous invocation
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_peap
peap {
tls = "tls-common"
default_method = "mschapv2"
copy_request_to_tunnel = no
use_tunneled_reply = no
proxy_tunneled_request_as_eap = yes
virtual_server = "inner-tunnel"
soh = no
require_client_cert = no
}
Using cached TLS configuration from previous invocation
# Linked to sub-module rlm_eap_mschapv2
mschapv2 {
with_ntdomain_hack = no
send_error = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_linelog
# Instantiating module "linelog" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/linelog
linelog {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/linelog"
permissions = 384
format = "This is a log message for %{User-Name}"
reference = "%{%{Packet-Type}:-format}"
}
# Loaded module rlm_preprocess
# Instantiating module "preprocess" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/preprocess
preprocess {
huntgroups = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/preprocess/huntgroups"
hints = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/preprocess/hints"
with_ascend_hack = no
ascend_channels_per_line = 23
with_ntdomain_hack = no
with_specialix_jetstream_hack = no
with_cisco_vsa_hack = no
with_alvarion_vsa_hack = no
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/preprocess/huntgroups
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/preprocess/hints
# Loaded module rlm_digest
# Instantiating module "digest" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/digest
# Loaded module rlm_detail
# Instantiating module "detail" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail
detail {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct/%{%{Packet-Src-IP-Address}:-%{Packet-Src-IPv6-Address}}/detail-%Y%m%d"
header = "%t"
permissions = 384
dir_permissions = 493
locking = no
log_packet_header = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_files
# Instantiating module "files" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/files
files {
filename = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/authorize"
usersfile = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/authorize"
acctusersfile = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/accounting"
preproxy_usersfile = "/opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/pre-proxy"
compat = "no"
}
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/authorize
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/authorize
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/accounting
reading pairlist file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/pre-proxy
# Instantiating module "exec" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/exec
exec {
wait = no
input_pairs = "request"
shell_escape = yes
}
# Instantiating module "sradutmp" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/sradutmp
radutmp sradutmp {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/sradutmp"
username = "%{User-Name}"
case_sensitive = yes
check_with_nas = yes
permissions = 420
caller_id = no
}
# Instantiating module "auth_log" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail.log
detail auth_log {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct/%{%{Packet-Src-IP-Address}:-%{Packet-Src-IPv6-Address}}/auth-detail-%Y%m%d"
header = "%t"
permissions = 384
dir_permissions = 493
locking = no
log_packet_header = no
}
# Instantiating module "reply_log" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail.log
detail reply_log {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct/%{%{Packet-Src-IP-Address}:-%{Packet-Src-IPv6-Address}}/reply-detail-%Y%m%d"
header = "%t"
permissions = 384
dir_permissions = 493
locking = no
log_packet_header = no
}
# Instantiating module "pre_proxy_log" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail.log
detail pre_proxy_log {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct/%{%{Packet-Src-IP-Address}:-%{Packet-Src-IPv6-Address}}/pre-proxy-detail-%Y%m%d"
header = "%t"
permissions = 384
dir_permissions = 493
locking = no
log_packet_header = no
}
# Instantiating module "post_proxy_log" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/detail.log
detail post_proxy_log {
filename = "/opt/fr3/var/log/radius/radacct/%{%{Packet-Src-IP-Address}:-%{Packet-Src-IPv6-Address}}/post-proxy-detail-%Y%m%d"
header = "%t"
permissions = 384
dir_permissions = 493
locking = no
log_packet_header = no
}
# Loaded module rlm_chap
# Instantiating module "chap" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/chap
# Loaded module rlm_mschap
# Instantiating module "mschap" from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/mschap
mschap {
use_mppe = yes
require_encryption = no
require_strong = no
with_ntdomain_hack = yes
passchange {
}
allow_retry = yes
}
} # modules
radiusd: #### Loading Virtual Servers ####
server { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
} # server
server dhcp { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/dhcp
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Discover {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Request {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp (null) {...} for more modules to load
} # server
radiusd: #### Opening IP addresses and Ports ####
listen {
type = "dhcp"
ipaddr = *
port = 67
WARNING: No "interface" setting is defined. Only unicast DHCP will work.
}
Listening on dhcp address * port 67 as server dhcp
Opening new proxy address * port 0
Listening on proxy address * port 48075
Ready to process requests.
Received DHCP-Request of id 070673d3 from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
DHCP-Opcode = Client-Message
DHCP-Hardware-Type = Ethernet
DHCP-Hardware-Address-Length = 6
DHCP-Hop-Count = 0
DHCP-Transaction-Id = 117863379
DHCP-Number-of-Seconds = 0
DHCP-Flags = 0
DHCP-Client-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Server-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Gateway-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address = 84:51:81:af:c6:09
DHCP-Message-Type += DHCP-Request
DHCP-Client-Identifier += e0:2f:89:00:00:00
DHCP-Requested-IP-Address += 81.187.50.124
DHCP-DHCP-Maximum-Msg-Size += 1500
DHCP-Vendor-Class-Identifier += 'dhcpcd-5.5.6'
DHCP-Hostname += 'android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f'
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Subnet-Mask
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Static-Routes
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Router-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name-Server
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Broadcast-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Renewal-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Rebinding-Time
Trying sub-section dhcp DHCP-Request {...}
(0) dhcp DHCP-Request {
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Ack
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.99
(0) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.101
(0) DHCP-Subnet-Mask = 255.255.255.192
(0) DHCP-Router-Address = 81.187.50.100
(0) DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time = 300
(0) DHCP-DHCP-Server-Identifier = 81.187.50.101
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09")
(0) expand: "84:51:81:af:c6:09" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(0) expand: "%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(0) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") -> TRUE
(0) if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") {
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 81.187.50.124
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) } # if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") = noop
(0) [ok] = ok
(0) } # dhcp DHCP-Request = ok
(0) DHCP: Reply will be sent unicast to your-ip-address
Sending DHCP-Ack of id 070673d3 from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
(0) Finished request 0.
Waking up in 0.3 seconds.
Waking up in 4.6 seconds.
Received DHCP-Request of id 070673d3 from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
Sending DHCP-Ack of id 070673d3 from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
Waking up in 8.4 seconds.
Received DHCP-Discover of id 3f2516a1 from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
DHCP-Opcode = Client-Message
DHCP-Hardware-Type = Ethernet
DHCP-Hardware-Address-Length = 6
DHCP-Hop-Count = 0
DHCP-Transaction-Id = 1059395233
DHCP-Number-of-Seconds = 4
DHCP-Flags = 0
DHCP-Client-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Server-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Gateway-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address = 84:51:81:af:c6:09
DHCP-Message-Type += DHCP-Discover
DHCP-Client-Identifier += a0:39:89:00:00:00
DHCP-DHCP-Maximum-Msg-Size += 1500
DHCP-Vendor-Class-Identifier += 'dhcpcd-5.5.6'
DHCP-Hostname += 'android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f'
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Subnet-Mask
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Static-Routes
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Router-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name-Server
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Broadcast-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Renewal-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Rebinding-Time
Trying sub-section dhcp DHCP-Discover {...}
(1) dhcp DHCP-Discover {
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Offer
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.99
(1) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.101
(1) DHCP-Subnet-Mask = 255.255.255.192
(1) DHCP-Router-Address = 81.187.50.100
(1) DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time = 300
(1) DHCP-DHCP-Server-Identifier = 81.187.50.101
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09")
(1) expand: "84:51:81:af:c6:09" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(1) expand: "%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(1) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") -> TRUE
(1) if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") {
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 81.187.50.124
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) } # if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") = noop
(1) [ok] = ok
(1) } # dhcp DHCP-Discover = ok
(1) DHCP: Reply will be sent unicast to your-ip-address
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00007ffff735a56b in strlcpy (dst=0x7fffffffe5f4 "", src=0x0, siz=16) at src/lib/strlcpy.c:47
47 if ((*d++ = *s++) == 0)
(gdb)
(gdb)
(gdb)
(gdb)
(gdb) bt
#0 0x00007ffff735a56b in strlcpy (dst=0x7fffffffe5f4 "", src=0x0, siz=16) at src/lib/strlcpy.c:47
#1 0x00007ffff13c7988 in fr_dhcp_add_arp_entry (fd=7, interface=0x0, macaddr=0x8950b0, ip=0x894920)
at src/modules/proto_dhcp/dhcp.c:1526
#2 0x00007ffff13c40d9 in dhcp_process (request=0x892d30) at src/modules/proto_dhcp/dhcpd.c:507
#3 0x0000000000432b42 in request_running (request=0x892d30, action=1) at src/main/process.c:1210
#4 0x0000000000431dbe in request_queue_or_run (request=0x892d30, process=0x432a78 <request_running>)
at src/main/process.c:849
#5 0x0000000000433235 in request_receive (listener=0x8913e0, packet=0x892640, client=0x891548,
fun=0x7ffff13c379f <dhcp_process>) at src/main/process.c:1409
#6 0x00007ffff13c456f in dhcp_socket_recv (listener=0x8913e0) at src/modules/proto_dhcp/dhcpd.c:629
#7 0x0000000000438b2b in event_socket_handler (xel=0x87b3b0, fd=7, ctx=0x8913e0) at src/main/process.c:3494
#8 0x00007ffff736279b in fr_event_loop (el=0x87b3b0) at src/lib/event.c:414
#9 0x0000000000439cb8 in radius_event_process () at src/main/process.c:4211
#10 0x0000000000428335 in main (argc=2, argv=0x7fffffffec18) at src/main/radiusd.c:473
(gdb) quit
A debugging session is active.
Inferior 1 [process 7992] will be killed.
Quit anyway? (y or n) y
root at elk:/opt/fr3/sbin#
===============================================================================
The segfault comes from sock->interface not being set. I've not dug to find out
where/if this should be set (I'm guessing from the incoming interface, rather
than the config?)
Finally, I tried the remaining option - ipaddr = * and interface = br0. This
time, the server seems to react and respond as I would expect. However,
tcpdump/wireshark confirm that there is no actual data in any packets that are
sent.
(Note it also doesn't show the interface or broadcast options in the debug
output listen section shown below.)
===============================================================================
....
radiusd: #### Loading Virtual Servers ####
server { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
} # server
server dhcp { # from file /opt/fr3/etc/raddb/sites-enabled/dhcp
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Discover {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp DHCP-Request {...} for more modules to load
Module: Checking dhcp (null) {...} for more modules to load
} # server
radiusd: #### Opening IP addresses and Ports ####
listen {
type = "dhcp"
ipaddr = *
port = 67
}
Listening on dhcp interface br0 address * port 67 as server dhcp
Opening new proxy address * port 0
Listening on proxy address * port 46919
Ready to process requests.
Received DHCP-Request of id 34565f7b from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
DHCP-Opcode = Client-Message
DHCP-Hardware-Type = Ethernet
DHCP-Hardware-Address-Length = 6
DHCP-Hop-Count = 0
DHCP-Transaction-Id = 878075771
DHCP-Number-of-Seconds = 0
DHCP-Flags = 0
DHCP-Client-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Server-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Gateway-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address = 84:51:81:af:c6:09
DHCP-Message-Type += DHCP-Request
DHCP-Client-Identifier += 80:21:52:01:00:00
DHCP-Requested-IP-Address += 81.187.50.124
DHCP-DHCP-Maximum-Msg-Size += 1500
DHCP-Vendor-Class-Identifier += 'dhcpcd-5.5.6'
DHCP-Hostname += 'android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f'
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Subnet-Mask
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Static-Routes
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Router-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name-Server
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Broadcast-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Renewal-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Rebinding-Time
Trying sub-section dhcp DHCP-Request {...}
(0) dhcp DHCP-Request {
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Ack
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.99
(0) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.101
(0) DHCP-Subnet-Mask = 255.255.255.192
(0) DHCP-Router-Address = 81.187.50.100
(0) DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time = 300
(0) DHCP-DHCP-Server-Identifier = 81.187.50.101
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09")
(0) expand: "84:51:81:af:c6:09" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(0) expand: "%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(0) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") -> TRUE
(0) if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") {
(0) update reply {
(0) DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 81.187.50.124
(0) } # update reply = noop
(0) } # if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") = noop
(0) [ok] = ok
(0) } # dhcp DHCP-Request = ok
(0) DHCP: Reply will be sent unicast to your-ip-address
Sending DHCP-Ack of id 34565f7b from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
(0) Finished request 0.
Waking up in 0.3 seconds.
Waking up in 4.6 seconds.
Received DHCP-Request of id 34565f7b from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
Sending DHCP-Ack of id 34565f7b from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
Waking up in 7.4 seconds.
Received DHCP-Discover of id 06d6253a from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
DHCP-Opcode = Client-Message
DHCP-Hardware-Type = Ethernet
DHCP-Hardware-Address-Length = 6
DHCP-Hop-Count = 0
DHCP-Transaction-Id = 114697530
DHCP-Number-of-Seconds = 4
DHCP-Flags = 0
DHCP-Client-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Server-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Gateway-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0
DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address = 84:51:81:af:c6:09
DHCP-Message-Type += DHCP-Discover
DHCP-Client-Identifier += 40:2b:52:01:00:00
DHCP-DHCP-Maximum-Msg-Size += 1500
DHCP-Vendor-Class-Identifier += 'dhcpcd-5.5.6'
DHCP-Hostname += 'android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f'
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Subnet-Mask
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Static-Routes
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Router-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name-Server
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Domain-Name
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Broadcast-Address
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Renewal-Time
DHCP-Parameter-Request-List += DHCP-Rebinding-Time
Trying sub-section dhcp DHCP-Discover {...}
(1) dhcp DHCP-Discover {
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Offer
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.99
(1) DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = 81.187.50.101
(1) DHCP-Subnet-Mask = 255.255.255.192
(1) DHCP-Router-Address = 81.187.50.100
(1) DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time = 300
(1) DHCP-DHCP-Server-Identifier = 81.187.50.101
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09")
(1) expand: "84:51:81:af:c6:09" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(1) expand: "%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" -> '84:51:81:af:c6:09'
(1) ? if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") -> TRUE
(1) if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") {
(1) update reply {
(1) DHCP-Your-IP-Address = 81.187.50.124
(1) } # update reply = noop
(1) } # if ("%{DHCP-Client-Hardware-Address}" == "84:51:81:af:c6:09") = noop
(1) [ok] = ok
(1) } # dhcp DHCP-Discover = ok
(1) DHCP: Reply will be sent unicast to your-ip-address
Sending DHCP-Offer of id 06d6253a from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
(1) Finished request 1.
Waking up in 0.3 seconds.
Waking up in 4.6 seconds.
Received DHCP-Discover of id 06d6253a from 0.0.0.0:68 to 255.255.255.255:67
Sending DHCP-Offer of id 06d6253a from 0.0.0.0:67 to 81.187.50.124:68
Waking up in 1.4 seconds.
(0) Cleaning up request packet ID 878075771 with timestamp +72
Waking up in 3.9 seconds.
(1) Cleaning up request packet ID 114697530 with timestamp +76
Ready to process requests.
===============================================================================
tcpdump output captured at the same time as the above looks like:
===============================================================================
23:52:02.049560 84:51:81:af:c6:09 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 356: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 59810, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 342)
0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 84:51:81:af:c6:09, length 314, xid 0x34565f7b, Flags [none]
Client-Ethernet-Address 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Vendor-rfc1048 Extensions
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message Option 53, length 1: Request
Client-ID Option 61, length 7: ether 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Requested-IP Option 50, length 4: 81.187.50.124
MSZ Option 57, length 2: 1500
Vendor-Class Option 60, length 12: "dhcpcd-5.5.6"
Hostname Option 12, length 24: "android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f"
Parameter-Request Option 55, length 9:
Subnet-Mask, Static-Route, Default-Gateway, Domain-Name-Server
Domain-Name, BR, Lease-Time, RN
RB
23:52:04.594247 84:51:81:af:c6:09 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 356: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 21472, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 342)
0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 84:51:81:af:c6:09, length 314, xid 0x34565f7b, secs 3, Flags [none]
Client-Ethernet-Address 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Vendor-rfc1048 Extensions
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message Option 53, length 1: Request
Client-ID Option 61, length 7: ether 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Requested-IP Option 50, length 4: 81.187.50.124
MSZ Option 57, length 2: 1500
Vendor-Class Option 60, length 12: "dhcpcd-5.5.6"
Hostname Option 12, length 24: "android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f"
Parameter-Request Option 55, length 9:
Subnet-Mask, Static-Route, Default-Gateway, Domain-Name-Server
Domain-Name, BR, Lease-Time, RN
RB
23:52:06.018481 84:51:81:af:c6:09 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 350: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 2980, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 336)
0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 84:51:81:af:c6:09, length 308, xid 0x6d6253a, secs 4, Flags [none]
Client-Ethernet-Address 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Vendor-rfc1048 Extensions
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message Option 53, length 1: Discover
Client-ID Option 61, length 7: ether 84:51:81:af:c6:09
MSZ Option 57, length 2: 1500
Vendor-Class Option 60, length 12: "dhcpcd-5.5.6"
Hostname Option 12, length 24: "android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f"
Parameter-Request Option 55, length 9:
Subnet-Mask, Static-Route, Default-Gateway, Domain-Name-Server
Domain-Name, BR, Lease-Time, RN
RB
23:52:06.019153 68:05:ca:06:81:3d > 84:51:81:af:c6:09, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 42: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 63857, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 28)
81.187.50.101.67 > 81.187.50.124.68: [|bootp]
23:52:10.641952 84:51:81:af:c6:09 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 350: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 44791, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 336)
0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 84:51:81:af:c6:09, length 308, xid 0x6d6253a, secs 9, Flags [none]
Client-Ethernet-Address 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Vendor-rfc1048 Extensions
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message Option 53, length 1: Discover
Client-ID Option 61, length 7: ether 84:51:81:af:c6:09
MSZ Option 57, length 2: 1500
Vendor-Class Option 60, length 12: "dhcpcd-5.5.6"
Hostname Option 12, length 24: "android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f"
Parameter-Request Option 55, length 9:
Subnet-Mask, Static-Route, Default-Gateway, Domain-Name-Server
Domain-Name, BR, Lease-Time, RN
RB
23:52:10.642087 68:05:ca:06:81:3d > 84:51:81:af:c6:09, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 42: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 63858, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 28)
81.187.50.101.67 > 81.187.50.124.68: [|bootp]
23:52:19.144317 84:51:81:af:c6:09 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 350: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 20549, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 336)
0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 84:51:81:af:c6:09, length 308, xid 0x6d6253a, secs 17, Flags [none]
Client-Ethernet-Address 84:51:81:af:c6:09
Vendor-rfc1048 Extensions
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message Option 53, length 1: Discover
Client-ID Option 61, length 7: ether 84:51:81:af:c6:09
MSZ Option 57, length 2: 1500
Vendor-Class Option 60, length 12: "dhcpcd-5.5.6"
Hostname Option 12, length 24: "android-c4225d1bbc9aee2f"
Parameter-Request Option 55, length 9:
Subnet-Mask, Static-Route, Default-Gateway, Domain-Name-Server
Domain-Name, BR, Lease-Time, RN
RB
23:52:19.144980 68:05:ca:06:81:3d > 84:51:81:af:c6:09, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 42: (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 63859, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 28)
81.187.50.101.67 > 81.187.50.124.68: [|bootp]
===============================================================================
Note - the ACKs don't seem to appear on the wire at all, the 'offers' have
essentially zero length (42 byte packets).
Any hints?
As a last thing, I'm also getting:
Waking up in 2.9 seconds.
(0) Cleaning up request packet ID -1355165549 with timestamp +12
Waking up in 3.9 seconds.
(1) Cleaning up request packet ID -56667974 with timestamp +16
Ready to process requests.
I'm sure there shouldn't be negative IDs there...?
Cheers,
Matthew
--
Matthew Newton, Ph.D. <mcn4 at le.ac.uk>
Systems Specialist, Infrastructure Services,
I.T. Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
For IT help contact helpdesk extn. 2253, <ithelp at le.ac.uk>
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